Ember-G

Lytic cycle: phage takes over the host, replicates and bursts the cell, with a burst of tens to hundreds of particles → Methanotrophs oxidize Methane with methane monooxygenase in oxic layers and the rhizosphere, consuming roughly 20-80% of the methane produced (midpoint about 50% in paddies)

Filamentous cyanobacteria (Microcoleus vaginatus) pioneer bare dryland soil and bind particles with polysaccharide sheaths after wetting → Surface warms as absorbed sunlight turns into heat

Grazing is selective: protists reject large, filamentous, pigmented or toxic cells, so grazing shifts bacterial community structure → Aerated upland soils with high-affinity methanotrophs take up atmospheric Methane: global soil sink about 30 Tg CH4 per year (range 11-49)

Fresh ash and tephra (volcanic glass) falls and weathers within decades in humid climates → Disturbance reshapes the nematode community: tillage and fertilizer favour c-p 1 enrichment opportunists, while undisturbed soils keep c-p 4-5 taxa

Bdellovibrio enters the periplasm, forms a bdelloplast, grows as a filament and lyses the prey after about 3-4 h releasing several progeny → Bacteria oxidize ammonia where ammonium is plentiful