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Participant: part of or influencing processes

Atmosphere

Appears in 44 processs and 89 steps. Everything below is linked: open a process to see it in context.

Top processes

Energy flow

10 steps

Sunlight meets clouds, air and the surface
Atmosphere absorbs sunlight (ozone, water vapour, aerosols)
Greenhouse trapping and release to space
and 7 more in this process

Evapotranspiration partitioning (about 61 percent transpiration, range 35-90)

7 steps

Soil gas exchange and redox

4 steps

Start: Soil gas exchange and redox
End: Soil gas exchange and redox
Diffusion through air-filled pores exchanges gases with the atmosphere
and 1 more in this process

Heat redistribution by air and ocean

4 steps

Start: Heat redistribution by air and ocean
End: Heat redistribution by air and ocean
Surplus heat is carried poleward by two carriers
and 1 more in this process

Living soil system

3 steps

Greenhouse trapping and release to space

3 steps

Show 38 more processes

Condensation, clouds and precipitation

3 steps

Nitrogen cycling

3 steps

Soil-atmosphere exchange of methane and nitrous oxide

3 steps

Gas diffusion and air-filled porosity control of soil aeration

3 steps

Vegetation, snow, albedo and carbon feedbacks across scales

3 steps

Chemical weathering: CO2-driven dissolution and CO2 consumption

3 steps

Water movement

2 steps

Carbon cycling

2 steps

Surface heat release

2 steps

Soil sulfur cycling

2 steps

Soil nitrification, nitrate reduction and nitrogen gas losses

2 steps

Soil-plant-water coupling and drought response

2 steps

Drainage, groundwater recharge and runoff (about 65 percent of rain returns to air, 35 percent runs off)

2 steps

Chronosequence: limiting nutrient and nutrient source shift as soil ages

2 steps

Terrestrial ecosystem functioning

1 step

Precipitation and water input

Ocean carbon exchange and burial

1 step

CO2 dissolves across the sea surface (air-sea gas exchange)

Water cycle

1 step

Condensation, clouds and precipitation

Evaporation and transpiration

1 step

Water vapour mixes into the lower atmosphere

Nutrient availability and leaching

1 step

Atmospheric deposition of N and S

Nutrient cycling

1 step

Surplus nutrients are exported to rivers, ocean and atmosphere

Denitrification chain in anaerobic microsites

1 step

Nitrous oxide escapes to the atmosphere

Redox ladder: sequential electron acceptors in waterlogged soil

1 step

Drainage reoxidises Fe2+ and Mn2+: mottles, rust coats and nodules

Carbon use efficiency controls necromass production

1 step

More CO2 to the atmosphere adds to warming

Methane oxidation by methanotrophs: the upland soil sink

1 step

Methane diffuses from the air or deeper soil into gas-filled pores toward oxidising cells

Pyrite oxidation and acid sulfate weathering

1 step

Pyrite is exposed to Oxygen when drainage lowers the water table or sulfidic sediment is excavated

Peat accumulation and wetland methane

1 step

Plant aerenchyma and bubbles carry Methane past the oxic layer; wetlands emit about 150-180 Tg CH4 per year, the largest natural source

Soil respiration: temperature and moisture control and climate feedback

1 step

Warming-driven CO2 release adds to atmospheric CO2; models suggest tens of Pg C lost by 2050 (central estimate about 55 Pg C with similar uncertainty)

Progressive nitrogen limitation under rising CO2

1 step

Extra nitrogen arrives by fixation or deposition

Nutrient recycling versus new inputs across ecosystem age

1 step

Young ecosystems draw nutrients from weathering and deposition

Organism-environment interactions

1 step

Vegetation, snow, albedo and carbon feedbacks across scales

Temperature and moisture regulation of decay

1 step

Extra soil CO2 emission adds to atmospheric warming

Infiltration and surface partitioning of rain (rain intensity vs 1-1000 mm/h soil capacity)

1 step

Canopy intercepts rain; about 10-20 percent of gross rain evaporates from leaves

Hydraulic redistribution by roots (0.04-1.3 mm per day)

1 step

Daytime transpiration pulls water back out of shallow layers

Weathering

1 step

Chemical weathering: CO2-driven dissolution and CO2 consumption

Land water partitioning and plant water flux

1 step

Evapotranspiration returns water to the atmosphere

Temperature and moisture control microbial decay rate

1 step

More CO2 returns to the atmosphere and adds to warming

Decomposition

1 step

Respired as CO2

Soil formation

1 step

Chronosequence: limiting nutrient and nutrient source shift as soil ages

Often found with

Water 22 Carbon dioxide 16 Plants 15 Heat 11 Water vapour 10 Oxygen 9 Soil pores 8 Rain 7 Nitrous oxide 6 Soil 6 Greenhouse gases 6 Clouds 6

Known by 719 participants and resources across the map.